Literature

79. Ghaṭīyantra-nyāya

Early next morning they heard a resounding thunder in the cloudless sky. When the sages turned to Divākaradeva questioningly, he said, ‘This is the sound made by the kettle drums in the air-chariots. Since it’s coming from inside, it sounds like thunder. Here comes our master now, lo behold!’ The sky acquired a tinge of gold as if it were enveloped in the colours of rainbow and lightning. Then, several air-chariots glowing with hues of an array of precious stones became visible. The emperor’s chariot landed right in front of Kāśyapa’s hermitage.

72. Gaṇḍasyopari piṭakaḥ samvṛttaḥ

A boil on a tumor. When there is no end for trouble this nyāya is used. There is a proverb in kannada which roughly translates to “rubbing salt on one’s wounds”. This is similar to that.

ಈ ಮುನ್ನ ಕಾಣಿಸಿದ ಮಾದರಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹ್ರಸ್ವ ಮತ್ತು ಮಧ್ಯಮಗಾತ್ರದ ಬಗೆಬಗೆಯ ಅಕ್ಷರ / ಮಾತ್ರಾಘಟಕಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಿದಾಗ ‘ಇವೇ ಪರಿಮಾಣಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಭಾಷಾಪದಗಳು ರೂಪುಗೊಳ್ಳುವುವೇ?’ ಎಂಬ ಸಂದೇಹ ಕೆಲವರಲ್ಲಿ ಮೂಡಬಹುದು. ಭಾಷಾಪದಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಪರಿಮಾಣದಲ್ಲಿ ಲಯಾನ್ವಿತವಾದ ಛಂದಃಪದಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು-ಕಡಮೆಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿರುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂಬುದು ಅವರ ಸಂದೇಹಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ. ಆದರೆ ಇಂಥ ಸಂಶಯ ನಿಲ್ಲುವಂಥದ್ದಲ್ಲ.

ಇನ್ನು ಮುಂದೆ ಶ್ಲೋಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರಬಹುದಾದ ವಿಭಿನ್ನಸಂಖ್ಯೆಯ ಮಾತ್ರಾಗಣಗಳ ಕೆಲವು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಸಾಧ್ಯತೆಗಳನ್ನು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸೋಣ.

ಅ) ಮೂರು ಮಾತ್ರೆಗಳ ಘಟಕಗಳುಳ್ಳ ರಚನೆ:

ನಾನ | ನಾನ | ನನಾ | ನಾನ/ನಾ | ನಾನ | ನಾನ | ನನಾ | ನನಾ |

ನನಾ | ನನಾ | ನನಾ | ನಾನ/ನಾ | ನನಾ | ನಾನ | ನನಾ | ನನಾ | 

Chapter 3 - Bṛhatkathā-śloka-saṅgraha

A few days later, he summoned a few brāhmaṇas and said ‘I had a dream in the early hours this morning. In it, I was out for my routine horse ride, when a wild elephant appeared out of nowhere. My royal elephant sensed the odour of the wild beast’s rut, and got incensed. Tearing off its binding post, it rushed forward and confronted it. The wild elephant reared its trunk and trumpeted disdainfully. My elephant fell upon it and drove its tusks hard into it. Unruffled, the wild pachyderm tossed aside my elephant using its marble-pillar-like tusks.

60. Kulyāpraṇayana-nyāya

Kulyā means a channel. People dig up channels so that the water can be transferred to the fields to irrigate the crops. The main purpose is agriculture. But the water can be used for drinking, for washing clothes, for bathing. While the primary purpose is different, the same can be used to serve many other purposes. This nyāya is used to illustrate such things.

ಪರಿಷ್ಕೃತ ಲಕ್ಷಣ

ಈ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆಗಳ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸಿದಾಗ ಈ ಮುನ್ನ ಹೇಳಿದ ಶ್ಲೋಕದ ಲಕ್ಷಣಗಳು ಪರ್ಯಾಪ್ತವಲ್ಲವೆಂದು ತಿಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಹುಶಃ ಈ ಕಾರಣದಿಂದಲೇ ಮಧ್ಯಕಾಲೀನ ಛಂದೋವಿದರು ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಪರಿಷ್ಕೃತವಾದ ಲಕ್ಷಣವನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಉದಾಹರಣೆಗೆ ‘ವೃತ್ತರತ್ನಾಕರ’ದ ನಾರಾಯಣಭಟ್ಟೀಯ ವ್ಯಾಖ್ಯೆಯು ಶ್ಲೋಕದ ಎಲ್ಲ ಪಾದಗಳ ಮೊದಲ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಅಕ್ಷರಗಳ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸಗಳಿಗೂ ಅನ್ವಯಿಸುವಂಥ ಕೆಲವೊಂದು ನಿಯಮಗಳನ್ನು ರೂಪಿಸಿದೆ (೨.೨೧). ಅವು ಹೀಗಿವೆ:

Then he thought, ‘Fie upon me – I brought this allegation upon myself! Or why should I blame myself? The king was happy for a long time. Which other prince achieved so much, uprooted both the internal and external enemies with great tact? Did any of them take great care such that the varṇāśrama-dharma was followed without lapses? Who else has a son like Avantivardhana who is blessed with such noble qualities? Let all these be so; hasn’t Naravāhanadatta recognised me as the emperor?